@article {15, title = {Anticancer, antioxidant and antibiotic activities of mushroom Ramaria flava.}, journal = {Food Chem Toxicol}, volume = {58}, year = {2013}, month = {2013 Aug}, pages = {375-80}, abstract = {

Ramaria flava is a species of edible mushroom with some bioactivity. The anticancer, antioxidant and antibiotic activities and chemical composition of R. flava ethanol extract (EE) were evaluated. The present study exhibited that the EE displayed the strongest inhibitory activity against tumor cell MDA-MB-231 with an IC50 value of 66.54 \μg/mL in three tested tumor cell lines, and the inhibition percent was 71.66\% at the concentration of 200 \μg/mL (MTT assay). The total phenolic compounds varied among four fractions of the EE from 6.66 to 61.01 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per g dry weight. Water fraction exhibited high DPPH and OH radical-scavenging activities with low IC50 values of 5.86 and 18.08 \μg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, three phenolic compounds from water fraction were also identified by HPLC. The antibiotic activities of the EE were evaluated against three microorganisms and three fungi strains by means of the agar well diffusion method and the poisoned medium technique, respectively. The EE also showed moderate antibiotic activities. These results suggest that R. flava could hold a good potential source for human health.

}, keywords = {Agaricales, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Antifungal Agents, Antineoplastic Agents, Antioxidants, Cell Line, Tumor, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Free Radical Scavengers, Humans, Inhibitory Concentration 50}, issn = {1873-6351}, doi = {10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.001}, author = {Liu, Kun and Wang, Junli and Zhao, Le and Wang, Qian} } @article {6, title = {Fungal partnerships stimulate growth of Termitomyces clypeatus stalk mycelium in vitro.}, journal = {World J Microbiol Biotechnol}, volume = {28}, year = {2012}, month = {2012 Jun}, pages = {2311-8}, abstract = {

The symbiotic relationship between termites and Termitomyces fungi, which allows the termite to digest cellulose-rich food sources, is poorly understood. In this study, in vitro mixed symbiotic relationships between Termitomyces clypeatus and fungi isolated from individual fungus-comb communities using a culture-dependent method were analyzed. Twenty-day-old stalk cultures of three T. clypeatus isolates were co-cultured with cellulase-producing fungi on potato dextrose agar. The high cellulase-producing fungal isolate no. 18, which showed 99 \% ITS sequence identity to Sordariomycetes endophyte isolate 2171 (EU687039), increased growth of T. clypeatus 18/50 by 85.7 \%. The high xylanase-producing isolate no. 13, which showed 88 \% ITS sequence identity to Arthrinium sacchari isolate L06 (HQ115662), stimulated T. clypeatus 18/50 growth by 58.6 \%. The high cellulase- and xylanase-producing isolate no. 50, which showed 90 \% ITS sequence identity to the fungal endophyte isolate 2196 (EU687056), improved T. clypeatus 18/50 growth by 45.7 \%. A Gigantropanus sp. promoted the growth of T. clypeatus 18/50 and 20/50 by 45.7 and 44.1 \%, respectively, and that of T. clypeatus 19/50 by 10.6 \%. These results indicated the most beneficial potential partnership of T. clypeatus might involve cellulase-producing fungi isolated from the same ecological niche. The Gigantropanus sp. is a potential partner of T. clypeatus but is likely to be less common than cellulase-producing fungi isolated from fungus combs owing to the lower host specificity of the Gigantropanus sp. This study provides an interesting method to culture Termitomyces using an in vitro mixed culture method for production of Termitomyces fruiting bodies in the future.

}, keywords = {Animals, Isoptera, Mycelium, Symbiosis, Termitomyces}, issn = {1573-0972}, doi = {10.1007/s11274-012-1038-x}, author = {Sawhasan, P and Worapong, J and Flegel, T W and Vinijsanun, T} } @article {5, title = {Molecular phylogeny of symbiotic basidiomycetes of fungus-growing termites in Thailand and their relationship with the host.}, journal = {Biosci Biotechnol Biochem}, volume = {66}, year = {2002}, month = {2002 May}, pages = {1159-63}, abstract = {

Termitomyces-related symbiotic basidiomycetes in the nests of fungus-growing termites (Macrotermitinae) of several genera in Thailand were cultivated and analyzed phylogenetically based on the DNA sequence of nuclear ribosomal RNA genes. The relationships of the symbiotic fungi with host termites and their locality were apparently complex, supporting intricate mechanisms for the termites to acquire the symbionts.

}, keywords = {Animals, Basidiomycota, DNA, Fungal, Isoptera, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, Symbiosis, Thailand}, issn = {0916-8451}, author = {Taprab, Yaovapa and Ohkuma, Moriya and Johjima, Toru and Maeda, Yoshimasa and Moriya, Shigeharu and Inoue, Tetsushi and Suwanarit, Poonpilai and Noparatnaraporn, Napavarn and Kudo, Toshiaki} } @article {4, title = {Molecular identification of poisonous mushrooms using nuclear ITS region and peptide toxins: a retrospective study on fatal cases in Thailand.}, journal = {J Toxicol Sci}, volume = {41}, year = {2016}, month = {2016}, pages = {65-76}, abstract = {

Cases of mushroom poisoning in Thailand have increased annually. During 2008 to 2014, the cases reported to the National Institute of Health included 57 deaths; at least 15 died after ingestion of amanitas, the most common lethal wild mushrooms inhabited. Hence, the aims of this study were to identify mushroom samples from nine clinically reported cases during the 7-year study period based on nuclear ITS sequence data and diagnose lethal peptide toxins using a reversed phase LC-MS method. Nucleotide similarity was identified using BLAST search of the NCBI database and the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD). Clade characterization was performed by maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic approaches. Based on BLAST and BOLD reference databases our results yielded high nucleotide similarities of poisonous mushroom samples to A. exitialis and A. fuliginea. Detailed phylogenetic analyses showed that all mushroom samples fall into their current classification. Detection of the peptide toxins revealed the presence of amatoxins and phallotoxins in A. exitialis and A. fuliginea. In addition, toxic \α-amanitin was identified in a new provisional species, Amanita sp.1, with the highest toxin quantity. Molecular identification confirmed that the mushrooms ingested by the patients were members of the lethal amanitas in the sections Amanita and Phalloideae. In Thailand, the presence of A. exitialis was reported here for the first time and all three poisonous mushroom species provided new and informative data for clinical studies.

}, issn = {1880-3989}, doi = {10.2131/jts.41.65}, author = {Parnmen, Sittiporn and Sikaphan, Sujitra and Leudang, Siriwan and Boonpratuang, Thitiya and Rangsiruji, Achariya and Naksuwankul, Khwanruan} } @article {3, title = {Fatal mushroom poisoning caused by Amanita virosa in Thailand.}, journal = {Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health}, volume = {30}, year = {1999}, month = {1999 Mar}, pages = {157-60}, abstract = {

Consumption of toxic mushrooms belonging to the genus Amanita frequently leads to severe gastrointestinal distress followed by acute hepatic failure with a fatal outcome. In Thailand, valuable information as to the locally prevalent poisonous species, the preferred habitat and the management of suspected victims of intoxication is basically non-existent. We report here 5 cases of fatal poisoning with Amanita virosa having occurred in a family residing in the northeast of Thailand who as countless others had enjoyed mushroom gathering as a pasttime. Within 4 to 6 days after ingestion of the mushrooms, all had succumbed to acute hepatic failure with subsequent hepatoencephalopathy. Treatment modalities exist in the form of penicillin and silibinin, or thioctic acid administration followed by plasmapheresis. In cases taking a lethal course apparent from the results of liver biochemistry, liver transplantation is clearly indicated. In order to prevent mushroom poisoning altogether, educating the general population to that end certainly presents the method of choice.

}, keywords = {Adult, Amanita, Child, Combined Modality Therapy, Fatal Outcome, Female, Fluid Therapy, Health Education, Hepatic Encephalopathy, Humans, Liver Failure, Acute, Male, Mushroom Poisoning, Penicillins, Plasmapheresis, Protective Agents, Silymarin, Thailand, Thioctic Acid}, issn = {0125-1562}, author = {Chaiear, K and Limpaiboon, R and Meechai, C and Poovorawan, Y} }